Author: dist (83.102.161.---)
Date: 10-20-04 18:12
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Разве этого мало? Кроме того, Данте упоминает платоновы идеи -
Идея
Автор: dist (213.85.32.---)
Дата: 17 Сен 2003 12:07
idea
n. Also 67 erron. idжa. Pl. ideas; formerly sometimes ideж. See also the earlier idee.
[a. late L. idea (in Platonic sense), a. Gr. ®dЊa look, semblance, form, configuration, species, kind, class, sort, nature, (in Platonic philosophy) a general or ideal form, type, model, f. root ®d-, ®deґm, to see: the word being thus analogous in derivation and original sense to L. species from spec-eЏre to see, behold. So It., Sp., Pg. idea; F. idйe.
The original development of the word took place in Greek; and it was in the developed Platonic sense that the word was first adopted in the modern langs. (see branch I). Other applications of the word, however, became common by the end of the 16th c.: see the senses under II and III.]
I. General or ideal form as distinguished from its realization in individuals; archetype, pattern, plan, standard.
1. In Platonic philosophy: A supposed eternally existing pattern or archetype of any class of things, of which the individual things in that class are imperfect copies, and from which they derive their existence.
14301589 [see idee].
1563 T. Gale Institutes of Chirurg. 11 As one myght thynke hymselfe ryght happye, though he neuer dyd attayne to Aristoteles summum bonum, or Plato his Idжa.
1603 Holland Plutarch’s Mor. 813 Idea is a bodilesse substance, which of it selfe hath no subsistence, but giveth figure and forme unto shapelesse matters, and becommeth the very cause that bringeth them into shew and evidence. Socrates and Plato suppose, that these Ideж bee substances separate and distinct from Matter, howbeit, subsisting in the thoughts and imaginations of God–that is to say, of Minde and Understanding.
2. a. The conception of anything in its highest perfection or supreme development; a standard of perfection; an ideal. (Cf. 1.) Obs. or arch.
1586 T. B. tr. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. Ep. Ded. A iij, Rather an Idжa of good life, than such a platforme as may be drawen from contemplation into action.
1606 L. Bryskett Civ. Life 61 Xenophon in his Ciropжdia..hauing..vnder the person of Cirus, framed an idжa or perfect patterne of an excellent Prince.
1647 Cowley Mistr., Not Fair i, I thought you once as fair, As women in th’ Idжa are.
† b. A person or thing regarded as perfect in its kind; the ideal realized in an individual. Obs.
1591 Troub. Raigne K. John ii. (1611) 100 Was euer any so infortunate, The right Idea of a cursed man?
1602 Campion Bk. Airs Wks. (Bullen) 27 It is th’ Idea of her sex Envy of whom doth world perplex.
1627 Jackson Creed xii. x. §2 Christ..was the idжa of legal Nazarites.
1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 65 The most excellent Senate (the very Idea of politick Christian prudence).
3. The conception of a standard or principle to be realized or aimed at; a conception of what is desirable or ought to be; a governing conception or principle; the plan or design according to which something is created or constructed.
1581 Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 26 The skil of the Artificer standeth in that Idea or fore-conceite of the work.
1602 Warner Alb. Eng. ix. lii, Scriptures Idea crouched in our Love to God and men.
1667 Milton P.L. vii. 557 To behold this new created World..how good, how faire, Answering his great Idea.
4. In weakened sense: A conception or notion of something to be done or carried out; an intention, plan of action. big idea: the purpose, intent. Freq. in ironic phr. what’s (or what is) the big idea? (orig. U.S.)
1617 Moryson Itin. ii. 245 You had alwaies in your owne judgement the certaine Idea thereof, as a thing that you resolved to doe.
1644 Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 98/2 That voluntary Idea, which hath long in silence presented itself to me, of a better education..than hath been yet in practice.
1770 Burke Corr. (1844) I. 231 The idea of short parliaments is..plausible enough; so is
† 5. A pattern, type; the original of which something else is a copy; a preliminary sketch or draft; something in an undeveloped state. Obs.
1669 Gale Crt. Gentiles i. Introd. 1 Some rude Idea or first lines thereof were drawn many years past in mine Academic Studies.
1677 Ibid. iii. 127 Those Pagan, Jewish, and Gnostic Antichrists..as forerunners and ideas of the great Roman Antichrist.
167098 R. Lassels Voy. Italy 123 This was the first Cupola in Europe, and therefore the more admirable for having no Idea after which it was framed.
1692 Ray Dissol. World iv. (1732) 57 Those Ideas or Embryos may be..marred or deformed in the womb.
6. Mus. A musical theme, phrase, or figure, as conceived or sketched before being worked up in a composition.
1880 Grove Dict. Mus. I. 165 [Beethoven’s] sketch-books of that time are crammed with ideas.
II. Figure, form, image.
† 7. a. A figure, representation, likeness, image, symbol, ‘picture’ (of something). Obs.
1531 Elyot Gov. i. xxii, I haue..noted daunsinge to be of an excellent utilitie, comprehendinge in it wonderfull figures, or, as the grekes do calle them, Ideae, of vertues and noble qualities.
1594 Shakes. Rich. III, iii. vii. 13, I did inferre your Lineaments, Being the right Idea of your Father, Both in your forme, and Noblenesse of Minde.
1598 B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. ii. iii, Hold up your head, do; and let the Idea of what you are, bee portray’d i’ your face.
† b. Form, figure (as a quality or attribute); configuration, shape; aspect; nature or character.
1594 Blundevil Exerc. iii. i. ii. (1636) 279 The chiefe Idea or shape of Gods mind, which hath neither beginning nor ending, and therefore is compared to a Circle.
1653 H. More Antid. Ath. ii. v. (1712) 54 Other solid Figures, which though they be not Regular, properly so called, yet have a settled Idea and Nature, as a Cone, Sphear, or Cylinder.
1677 Gale Crt. Gentiles iii. 26 To demonstrate the vanitie of Philosophie from its own essential Idea or Nature.
1737 [S. Berington] G. di Lucca’s Mem. 198 To return to the Idea of their Government, each Father of a Family governs all his Descendants.
† c. A ‘figure’ of speech or rhetoric; a form or way of speaking. Obs.
1642 Milton Apol. Smect. i, Whether a vehement vein throwing out indignation or scorn upon an object that merits it, were among the aptest ideas of speech to be allowed.
III. Mental image, conception, notion.
8. An image existing or formed in the mind.
† a. The mental image or picture of something previously seen or known, and recalled by the memory. Obs.
1589 Greene Menaphon (Arb.) 41 Me thinkes the Idea of her person represents it selfe an obiect to my fantasie.
1594 Spenser Amoretti xlv, Within my hart..The fayre Idea of your celestiall hew..remaines immortally.
1599 Shakes. Much Ado iv. i. 226 Th’ Idea of her life shal sweetly creepe Into his study of imagination.
b. More generally: A picture or notion of anything conceived by the mind; a conception.
1612 Brinsley Lud. Lit. vii. (1627) 84 To have an Idжa or generall notion of all in their heads.
1616 Bullokar, Idea, the forme or figure of any thing conceiued in the minde.
1651 Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxxi. 190 To say we conceive, and imagine, or have an Idea of him [etc.].
1659 Stanley Hist. Philos. xi. (1701) 448/2 Idжa’s are notions of the Mind, and subsist in our Mind..as Similitudes and Images of Beings.
1662 J. Davies tr. Mandelslo’s Trav. 284 Of this place I had heard so much..that I had framed to my self a certain Idжa of its greatnesse.
c. A conception to which no reality corresponds; something merely imagined or fancied.
1588 Shakes. L.L.L. iv. ii. 69 A foolish extrauagant spirit, full of formes, figures, shapes, objects, Ideas, apprehensions.
1622 Wither Mistr. Philar. Wks. (1633) 651 Is it possible that I Who scarce heard of Poesie Should a meare Idea raise To as true a pitch of praise As the learned Poets could?
1630 Prynne Anti-Armin. 156 Which make..Predestination a meere Idжa.
d. in idea (= F. en idйe), in conception or imagination; in mind, in thought: opposed to in reality.
1
622 Mabbe tr. Aleman’s Guzman d’Alf. ii. i. i. 2 Albeit..I were such an arrant Asse and Coxecombe, as you forsooth in your Idea would forme mee to be.
1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady Induct., The author..hath phant’sied to himselfe, in Idжa, this Magneticke Mistris.
9. a. More widely: Any product of mental apprehension or activity, existing in the mind as an object of knowledge or thought; an item of knowledge or belief; a thought, conception, notion; a way of thinking.
c1645 Howell Lett. (1655) III. xxvi. 38 One shall hardly find two in ten thousand that have exactly..the same tone of voice..or idжas of mind.
1690 Boyle Chr. Virtuoso i. 104 Either Congenite, or very easily and very early Acquir’d Notions and Idжas.
1713 Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 555 Ideas came into her mind So fast, his lessons lagg’d behind.
IV. Modern philosophical developments.
10. [from 8 and 9.] With Descartes and Locke: Whatever is in the mind and directly present to cognitive consciousness; that which one thinks, feels, or fancies; the immediate object of thought or mental perception.
With Hume and his followers: An impression of sensation, either as original or as reproduced and elaborated by association. With Reid, Dugald Stewart, and the Scottish school: The immediate and direct mental product of knowing, as distinguished from the object of knowledge, and from the action or process of knowing.
1666 Phil. Trans. I. 325 The Arguments devised against Atheists by Des Cartes, and drawn from the Idea’s of our Mind.
Итак, во всех смыслах понятие (и термин) ‘idea’ появляется в языке начиная с 16 века. Более архаичный термин ‘idee‘ появляется в 15 веке, в связи с появлением школы неоплатонизма и платоновских академий.
idee (aI"di:).
Obs. exc. in vulgar use.
[a. F. idйe, ad. late L. idea, Gr. ®dЊa: see idea n.]
= idea (in various senses).
143040 Lydg. Bochas iv. ix. (MS. Bodl.) lf. 222 b/2 In the too scooles of prudent Socrates And of Plato which that bar the keie Of secre mysteries & of dyvyn Ideie.
1542 Udall Erasm. Apoph. i. 123 b, The Idees, that Plato deuised, & muche treacteth of, euen Aristotle laughed to skorne.
1573 G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 102 Queint Idees bemone your imperfections, Or give me a type of such perfections.
Хорошо известно, что понятие ‘идея’ появляется лишь в Эпоху Возрождения.
Надо ли напоминать, что Данте, этот предвосхититель всего и вся, термин ‘idea’ активно обсуждает в 13 веке:
Idea, то есть Бог (iddio), потому что в Боге (in Dio) есть Бог (Iddio), а идея – в Боге.
Лингвисты, наивно полагающие, что нельзя реалии итальянской культуры мерить по словарю английского языка, безнадежно заблуждаются. До 15 века в Англии не существовало самого понятия Idea, поэтому англичане просто не поняли бы, о чем Данте ведет речь/
.
Ciò che non more e ciò che può morire
non è se non splendor di quella idea
che partorisce, amando, il nostro Sire;
Все, что умрет, и все, что не умрет, -
Лишь отблеск Мысли, коей Всемогущий
Своей Любовью бытие дает;
Здесь Лозинский, интуитивно чувствуя, что для платоновской Идеи Данте живет слишком рано (труды Платона станут известны в Италии лишь в середине 15 века), стыдливо заменяет слово Идея на слово Мысль.
Что поделаешь, еще одно из средств в арсенале «отмазок» (тенденциозный «перевод»)
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