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Автор: jey (81.198.96.---) Дата: 01-11-04 11:06 Посмотрите в музее Питри http://www.petrie.ucl.ac.uk/index2.html и задайте поиск по glass (material) по New Kingdom (period). Что-то вроде такого найдется:  Object group – amulets Description - Glass amulet, charm case, horizontal, dark violet (blue) opaque, central loop, moulded Period - New Kingdom ? (1350BCE-1550BCE) Found at - Material - glass (material) Measurements - length 2.1 cms diameter По фотографии, конечно, фиг разберешься, но эксперты пишут – темно-синий ( кобальт) голубой – египетская синь. Это амулет вроде темно-синий :) И такие таблички и поясниловка к ним    Electron microprobe analysis of Eighteenth Dynasty glasses from Amarna Electron microprobe analysis is a quantitative technique, and given the small beam size it is normal to analyse three to five spots of a homogeneous material, like glass, and average the results. As with any analytical technique, the cross-analysis of a multi-element standard not used in cali¬brating the system and of proven reliability at the start and end of the analysis will provide two things: the determina¬tion of relative analytical accuracy and a means of monitor¬ing any drift in the system. One of the advantages of using EPMA is that the system only provides a total analysis of what it has detected. This means that if the analyst has omitted an important element from the analysis the total will be low. By using analytical techniques which normalise results to 100 per cent there is a danger of distorting the results if one or more element has been omitted from the anlaysis. Table 8.1b provides electron microprobe analyses of twenty-six samples of Eighteenth-Dynasty Egyptian glasses from Amarna. The range of information that can be derived from these analyses falls into a range of interconnected areas: a definition of the glass compositional type; the identification of the primary components; the identification of the colorants and opacifiers used; the detection of im¬purities in the glass which help to fingerprint the raw materials used, occasionally allowing the analyst to suggest their sources and an assessment of the compositional vari¬ation among the samples. A description of the samples is given in Table 8.ia. It can be seen that glasses of a range of colours have been analysed: translucent turquoise, translu¬cent purple, opaque yellow, opaque white, opaque blue and opaque turquoise. All of these glass samples were taken from vessel fragments which derived from Petrie's excava¬tions and which are now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. All the analyses were carried out using electron-probe microanalysis (for full technical specifications of the wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe used, see Hen derson 1988: 78-80). The basic chemical composition of all the glasses is soda (Na2O) - 'lime' (CaO) - silica (SiOJ. The only other major component present in some specimens is lead oxide, making lead oxide-soda-lime-silica glasses. Lead oxide is present at levels of up to 9.4 per cent in these glasses (Table 8.ib, analysis 5). X-ray spectra are given in Figures 8.8-8.10 for translucent blue, opaque blue, opaque white and opaque yellow glasses from Amarna; these were obtained using PIXE however. Cobalt blue The chemical analyses of Eighteenth-Dynasty glasses presented in Table 8.1b include blue samples with elevated levels of aluminia of c. 5.9 percent; the X-ray spectra for translucent and opaque blue glasses are shown in Fig¬ures 8,10-8.11. This is a factor of five or six lower than found in other translucent glass colours. It is also significant that these cobalt-blue glasses, present as Co4+ ions (Bamford 1977: 42) are associated with the impurities which Sayre (1964) and Kaczmarczyck and Hedges (1983) have detected in New Kingdom vitreous materials, such as the oxides of manganese, iron, nickel, copper and variable zinc and lead. Peaks for manganese, iron, nickel, copper and antimony are visible in Figure 8.11, in addition to the zinc. In addition to these, zinc and silver are shown to be present in the X-ray spectrum for the opaque blue glass (Fig. 8.10). Сайт музея , из которого брали образцы http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ В принципе, можете с ними списатся, чтобы уточнить - думаю ответят. На 18-ю династию приходится начало и расцвет стеклопроизводства в Египте, найдены мастерские по производству стекла этого периода с остатками сырья. Откуда все взялось сразу и вдруг? Сначала импортировали стекло, потом технологию и недостающие ингридиенты , наверняка пришлось и мастеров завести. Так что в самом присутствии кобальта ничего ( скорее всего) удивительного нет, а вот откуда он брался – мне так больше глянется версия Дейтона ( Балканы). И непосредственно по производству ( думаю Вам будет любопытно): Understanding of the glass-making process has been hindered by the lack of any actual glass furnaces dating to Pharaonic times. While Petrie's excavations at Amarna yielded much material which had been, or was thought to have been, associated with furnaces no actual structures were found, either for glass- or faience-firing, and Petrie is quite specific on this point: 'Of the furnaces used for glass making we have no example' (Petrie 1894: 26). However, because of his plausible description of the firing process this lack of actual furnaces has often been overlooked and so has led to confusion (e.g. Vandiver 1983: A3o). A recent attempt to locate one of the glass- and glazing-works mentioned by Petrie (1894), who gives no precise location for these workshops, has led to the excavation of kilns and furnaces at site 045.1 at Amarna (Nicholson 1995; see Fig. 8.2). There are four such structures in all; one is certainly a pottery kiln, another may be for pottery or faience/pigment-making while the two largest are believed by the writer to be for glass-making. These two furnaces are of larger size than might have been expected, but their massive construction, with walls three bricks thick, is clear¬ly designed to help conserve heat. Furthermore, a 'sacrifi¬cial render' of mud-plaster lines these structures and has become heavily vitrified during the firings. This is not a phenomenon known from any pottery kiln at Amarna. There is some evidence from the best-preserved of the large furnaces to suggest that they were originally covered by a low dome. This would be expected on a furnace work¬ing at the limits of updraught kiln technology. Examination of the heavily vitrifed furnace lining suggests that there were a series of ports around the furnace at approximately ground level and that these opened onto small shelves protruding from the walls. There is no evidence for a per¬forated floor spanning the entire furnace. Although no actual stokehole was found, the only area of damage to the furnace walls is on the north side where a later wall overlies them. The footings of this later wall are deliberately built up on the northern side, probably in order to fill the void left by the stoke hole. If this supposition is correct, then the furna¬ces could have made use of the prevailing wind blowing from the north. Quantities of charcoal have been discovered embedded in the vitrified material and a sample of mis has been found to be Ficus sycomorus, the sycomore fig (Mary Anne Murray pers. comm.). Some pieces of this charcoal are in long lengths, suggesting that it became charcoal during the firing, rather than having been deliberately produced in a separate process (Dr Caroline Vermeeren pers. comm.). A structure discovered by Petrie (1894: 36 and pi. 42) and believed by him to have been used for charcoal production may therefore have been used for some other purpose, or alternatively the charcoal produced in it may have been used for some other manufacturing process (see also Chap¬ter 7, this volume). The size of these furnaces has led to suggestions that they could not have been for glass-making, since it would be impossible to achieve the desired temperatures, particu¬larly without some forced-draught system (see Nicholson 1996). In order to test this view, a full-size replica of the best- preserved furnace was reconstructed and used to fire glass (see Nicholson and Jackson 1998; Fig. 8.3). Tempera¬tures in excess of 1,100 °C were readily achieved and main¬tained, and it proved possible to produce both blue frit and cobalt-blue glass from basic raw materials (plant ashes, Amarna sand and cobalt). The cobalt-blue glass was achieved in a single stage, without the need for producing frit in a separate firing. No forced draught was used, the prevailing wind being quite sufficient. While such experimental archaeology can never prove that these furnaces were actually used for glass-making, the work has demonstrated that the furnaces were not too large to achieve the necessary temperatures and that they would have been capable of making glass. It has also been shown that the fritting stage may not have been necessary. When combined with the glass finds from building 045.1 at Amarna, the balance of probability currently suggests that they are the earliest glass furnaces so far known from Egypt, or indeed elsewhere (Jackson et al. 1998). Всех благ.
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