Автор: dist (83.102.161.---)
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church (tS3:tS), n. Forms: a. 1 cirice, cyrice, 23 chiriche, -eche, chyreche, 3 churiche (y), -eche, chereche. b. 12 circe, cyrce, 2 chyrce, (cirke), 26 chirche, 36 chyrche, cherche, (46 chirch, chyrch, cherch), 36 churche, 6 church. Northern. 3 Orm. kirrke, 45 kirke, kyrke, 46 kyrk, 45 kirc, 4 kirk: see kirk.
[Church, earlier churche, cherche, is a phonetically-spelt normal representative of ME. chirche (ur = er = ir, e.g. birch, bird, first, chirm, churl, churn, kernel), the regular repr. of OE. circe; the fuller OE. cЂЋrice, cirice gave the early ME. variant chereche, chiriche. (The form cyrice, often erroneously assumed as the original, is only a later variant of cirice (with y from i before r, as in cyrs-, fyren, etc.); c before original OE. y (umlaut of u) could not give modern ch-, but only k-, as in cyrnel, cyrtel, cэre, kernel, kirtle, ME. kire.)
OE. cirice, circe, corresp. to WGer. kоrika, OS. kirika, kerika (MLG. and MDu. kerke, Du. kerk, LG. kerke, karke, kark, with ar:er:ir); OFris. szereke, szurke, tzierka, tziurk; OHG. chЂЋµrihha, also chiriihha, chiricha, khirihha, kirihha, kiricha, later chircha, in Notker chоlihha, chоlecha, chоlcha (MHG. and mod.G. kirche, in Upper Ger. dial. kilche, chilche); also ON. kirkia, kyrkja, Sw. kyrka, Da. kirke (thence Finn. kirkko, Esth. kirrik, kirk, kerk; also OPruss. kоrkis). Cf. also the Slavonic forms: OSlav. crЂЏky, 10th c., cruЏky fem., later cruЏkuЏve, cЂЋrkovЂЏ, Russ. cerkov’, Bulg. cµerkova, Serbian crkva, Slovenish cerkev, Chekh cirkev (obs.), Pol. cerkiew (but only for ‘Greek church’), Lusat. cyrkej.
The OE. oblique forms cirican, -cean, circan, -cean, present four types, *kirika, *kirikja, *kirka, *kirkja, but the two last may result from later contraction, and -can, -cean may mean the same thing, viz. palatal c. The continental German forms point to *kirika, *kоrika. The Alemannic forms with l, chоlihha, kilche are on phonetic and other grounds admitted to have arisen out of the r type. The ON. is generally held to be derived from OE. (in the circean form). Although the notion has been advanced that all the continental forms originated in the OE., in connexion with the early missionary labours of Englishmen in Germany, this is philologically untenable; and the word is held on good grounds to be common WGer., and to go back at least to the 4th or 5th c. (Long before they became Christians, the Germans were naturally acquainted with, and had names for, all the striking phenomena of Christianity, as seen in the Roman provinces, and the missions outside.) In Slavonic, the word is generally thought to have been taken from Teutonic.
The ulterior derivation has been keenly disputed. The L. circus, and a Gothic word kкlikn ‘tower, upper chamber’ (app. originally Gaulish) have both been proposed (the latter suggested by the Alemannic chоlihha), but are set aside as untenable; and there is now a general agreement among scholars in referring it to the Greek word jЪqiajѕm, properly adj. ‘of the Lord, dominicum, dominical’ (f. jЪ*qio| lord), which occurs, from the 3rd century at least, used substantively (sc. dиla, or the like) = ‘house of the Lord’, as a name of the Christian house of worship. Of this the earliest cited instances are in the Apostolical Constitutions (ii. 59), a 300, the edict of Maximinus (30313), cited by Eusebius (Eccl. Hist. ix. 10) a 324, the Councils of Ancyra 314 (Canon 15), Neo-Cжsarea 31423 (Can. 5), and Laodicea (Can. 28). Thenceforward it appears to have been in fairly common use in the East: e.g., Constantine named several churches built by him jtqiaj0 (Eusebius De Laud. Const. xvii).
The chief objections to this derivation of the Teutonic (and Slavonic) name are the following. The ordinary name for ‘church’ in Gr. was Ћjjkgra, and this (or barikij–, basilica) was the name which passed into Latin and all the Romanic langs.; also, into all the Celtic langs., OIr. eclais, Ir. and Gael. eglais, Manx agglish, OWelsh ecluis, W. eglwys, Cornish eglos, -es, -is, Breton iliz. Hence, an а priori unlikelihood that any other Greek name should have passed into the Teutonic languages. Moreover, Ћjjkgra was actually adopted in Gothic, where as aikklкsjф it occurs in the N.T. many times. But as the sense here is not that of the place of public worship, but of the Christian society or assembly, it forms no evidence against the coexistence of a Gothic repr. of jtqiajѕm, in the sense of the‘Lord’s house’. Besides, Ulphilas, as a native of Cappadocia, born a.d. 318, belonged to the very region and time for which we have the most weighty evidence of the use of jtqiajѕm, as mentioned above. And as to the other Teutonic tribes, the fact is certain, in spite of its а priori unlikelihood, that ecclesia was not accepted by them. At their conversion, Latin Christianity would naturally have given to them, as to others, the name ecclesia (or basilica), if kirika had not already acquired too firm hold of the field.There are points of difficulty in the form of kirika and its gender. Its identification with jtqiajѕm assumes the representation of Gr. t by i in Teutonic. Ulphilas did not so represent t; nor did he use u, but retained the Gothic letter corresponding in alphabetic place and form to Gr. T, which he otherwise used for v or w. But, before the development of umlaut, and consequent evolution of y as a Teutonic sound, i was really the nearest Teutonic sound to t, and in point of fact is its usual representative. The change of grammatical form and gender has been variously explained: as eМaccЊkiom became in Gothic a weak fem. aiwaggкljф, -jфn; so jtqiajѕm, if adopted in Gothic, or in the corresponding stage of WGer., would in the same way become kTrjakф, -фn, whence regularly WGer. -ka, OE. -ce; but there are other instances in OHG. of feminines from L. -um, Gr. -om, as martira, organa, modGer. orgel; and the form adopted may actually have been the Gr. pl. jЪqiaj0. (The use of jtqiaj– in Gr. appears too late to affect the question.) For the rest, a word adopted in Germanic as *kЂЋrjak- would phonetically become *kЂЋrjik-, and this normally in WGer kЂЋrik-. Possibly also *kЂЋrjika might, by metathesis, give the *kЂЋrikja app. required for OE. ciricean; but the OE. palatalization might simply be due to the prec. i as in ic, ME. ich, I pron.The main objections are historical: we do not know the actual circumstances in which this less usual Gr. name became so well known to all the Germanic tribes as to become practically the native name, and like austrфn- easter, resist all the influence of Latin Christianity to supplant it; this too at so early a date as to be brought to Britain (with many words expressing the outward apparatus of Christianity) by the heathen Angles and Saxons. The question was discussed already in the 9th c. by Walafrid Strabo (ob. 849) in a noteworthy passage (De Rebus Eccl. vii), where, after giving the Greek derivation, he ascribes German knowledge and use of the word to the German mercenaries who engaged in military service under the Empire, and refers particularly to the Goths in the Greek provinces. Beside that of the Goths, two other possible channels are indicated by Hildebrand, one of which, connected with the early penetration of Christianity from the Rhone valley into the Upper Rhine, is important, as tallying with a statement of Irenжus, Bp. of Lyons in the 2nd c. (Adv. Hжr. i. x. §2), and as explaining the proved existence of place-names like Kiricheim, Chiricunuillare, in Elsasz, etc. before the days of Boniface. But it is by no means necessary that there should have been a single kirika in Germany itself; from 313 onward, Christian churches with their sacred vessels and ornaments were well-known objects of pillage to the German invaders of the Empire: if the first with which these made acquaintance, wherever situated, were called jtqiaj0, it would be quite sufficient to account for their familiarity with the word. The Angles and Saxons had seen and sacked Roman and British churches in Gaul and Britain for centuries before they had them of their own, and, we have every reason to believe, had known and spoken of them as cirican during the whole of that period.The Latin equivalent of jtqiajѕm, dominicum, was also in use at least from the time of Cyprian (c 200258), in the sense of ‘the house of God’ aedes sacra Domino. To a certain extent it was adopted in Old Irish, where domnach (mod. domhnach) became a frequent name of churches. The parallelism of Gr. jtqiajѕm church, jtqiaj– Sunday (in 11th c. also ‘church’), L. dominicum church, dominica, dies dominicus Sunday, Irish domhnach ‘church’ and ‘Sunday’, is instructive.The case for the derivation from jtqiajѕm gains largely by the fact that no other conjecture offered will bear scientific statement, much less examination. For example, the suggestion that cirice might arise out of L. crucea (which actually gave OE. crycc(e, now crutch), or some other derivative of L. crux, crucem cross, is at variance with the simple facts of phonetic history.]
A. Forms.
a. cirice, chiriche, chureche, etc.
c825 Vesp. Psalter xxi. 23 [xxii. 22] In midle cirican ic herјo рe.
a850 Lorica Prayer in O.E.T. 174 Fore alle godes cirican.
11.. O.E. Chron. an. 874 On Sc~a Marian ciricean [Laud MS. c1122 cyrican].
971 Blickl. Hom. 197 Seo haliјe cirice Michaeles..on Южre ciricean.
a1000 Edgar’s Canons §26 in Thorpe Laws II. 250 (Bosw.) Ржt preostas cirican healdan.
11.. O.E. Chron. (MS. 2) an. 1031 In to Xp˜es Cyrican on Cantware byri.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 163 Of holie chireche.
c1205 Lay. 16270 Chiriches [c1275 chirches] fur-barnde.
Ibid. 22111 He rжrde churechen [1275 cherches].
a1250 Prov. Жlfred 373 in O.E. Misc. 124 At chepynge and at chyreche.
c1250 Kentish Serm. ibid. 31 Fram holi chereche.
b. circe, chirche, churche, church, etc.
c870 Codex Aureus Inscript. in O.E.T. 175 Inn to Cristes circan.
c975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xvi. 18 On Южm stane ic јetimbre mine circae.
c1000 Ags. Gosp. ibid. (MS. A), Ofer Юisne stan ic јetimbriјe mine cyrcean.
c1160 Hatton Gosp. ibid., Ich Љetymbrie mine chyrcan.
a1132 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) 1127 Ofslaјen an ane circe.
a1175 An Bispel in Cott. Hom. 237 юe hafedmen..in halie cyrce.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 23 юu gast to chirche.
c1205 Lay. 16280 Chirchen [c1275 cherches] iche wulle arжre.
?a1250 Chart. Eadw. (a 1066) in Cod. Dipl. IV. 204 Mid cirke and mid milne.
1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 41 Holi churche.
c1340 Cursor M. 17822 (Trin.) To her chirche Юei gon hem lede.
c1440 Promp. Parv. 75 Chyrche.
c1450 Merlin xxv. 453 In to the chirche.
Ibid. 467 At Cherche.
c. kirrke, kirke, kirk, etc.
960 Bp. Theodred Will (Thorpe 513) Into Sancte Paules Kirke.
1050 Ketel Will (Thorpe 581) Into Юere Kyrke.
c1200 Ormin 3531 And tatt iss Cristess kirrke.
a1300 Cursor M. 8300 (Cott.) To wirke..to dright a crafti kyrke [Gцtt. and Fairf. kirke, Trin. chirche].
Ibid. 10248 (Cott.) I na kirck agh to cum in.
c1325 Metr. Hom. 5 Red in kirc on sundays.
c1375 Barbour Bruce iv. 12 Nothir off the kyrk, na seculer.
c1400 Apol. Loll. 57 Wan any auerous..is canonizid in Юe kirk..Юan may Юe oЮer chanouns of Юe chirche sey, etc.
1442 in E.E. Wills 131 That the kirkerevys of the parish chirch of Clerkenwell haue xiijs iiijd for to spend on the onourmentz of the same kirke.
c1550 Chaucer’s Dreme 1296 That neither knew I kirke ne saint.
B. Signification.
While it results from what is stated above that kirika, cirice, was originally applied to the building, it is clear that with the conversion of the Teutonic nations, it was assumed as the naturalized equivalent of L. eccleЋsia, and used for that word in all its senses. Naturally the first of these would be as the name of the then one great religious organization, the Catholic Church, and especially as represented by its ministers, the clergy or ecclesiastical order. The extension to other senses took place as these were practically recognized. The history of the OE. cirice, or of the Teutonic kirika, is therefore not the history of the Church, or of its name in Christendom; this begins with the joint history of Gr. Ћjjkgra and its L. adoption eccleЋsia; about which all that need be said here is that the Gr. word, meaning etymologically ‘the body of the “jjkgsoi or select counsellors’ was the name given by Solon to the public formal assembly of the Athenian people, and hence to the similar public assemblies of other free Greek cities. By the LXX. it was used to transl. the Heb. qaЋhaЋl the ‘congregation’ or assembly of Israel met before the Lord, or conceived in their relation to him. In the N.T. the word has a twofold sense: a. (after the LXX.) the whole congregation of the faithful, the Christian Society, conceived of as one organism, the body of Christ; b. (after classical Gr.), a particular local assembly of Christ’s enfranchised met for solemn purposes: in this sense it has a plural. From these arose the later developments: the name of the assembly passed to that of the building set apart for it: the sense of ‘the congregation of the faithful’ sought visible embodiment in outward organization, which necessarily followed the lines of provincial, national, and linguistic distinctions. Thus arose the notion of provincial or national Churches, as parts or branches of the Church universal or Catholic; and, with widening differences, doctrinal or administrative, there came the revolt of some of these from the increasingly centralized organization of the Catholic Church, and the formation of rival churches, each claiming to be the church and rejecting the claim of the others. Thus arose the first great division of the Eastern and Western Church, the later separation of various national ‘reformed’ churches from the unreformed Western Church in the 16th c., the secession of various ‘free’ or ‘voluntary’ churches from the reformed national or ‘established’ churches in later times. Some of these voluntary bodies have refused the name of ‘church’ to any ‘denomination’ or organization of congregations, confining it to the two senses of the Church universal, and an individual local society. The name has even come to be used to denote types or tendencies of thought or expression, within the one communion, as in the modern High Church, Low Church, Broad Church.
I. The building, the Lord’s house.
1. a. A building for public Christian worship. (Distinguished historically from a chapel or oratory, which is a building in some respect private, or not public in the widest sense.)
Ancient distinctions, retained more or less in the Churches of England and Scotland, are those of cathedral, collegiate, abbey, and parish or parochial, church. (See also metropolitan.) Any place of worship subordinate to the public church of the parish was formerly called chapel (q.v.); but parochial and district chapels are now usually called ‘Church’. In England the name has been only recently and partially extended to places of worship other than those of the national or ‘Established’ Church, as those of Roman Catholics (since c 183040) and some Nonconformist Protestants. At present, its application is partly a question of social or individual taste, or of ecclesiastical principle or theory, partly (in popular apprehension) of the size and architecture of the building. Thus, some would limit it to the historical place of worship of the parish, some extend it to all places of worship of that body which they recognize as ‘The Church’, and refuse it to all others; some would require the existence of certain features of ecclesiastical architecture. But, generally speaking, in England the question ‘Is this a church or a chapel?’ would at present be understood to mean ‘Does it belong to the Church of England or to some other religious denomination?’In Scotland, church is applied to all Presbyterian places of worship, alike of the Established Church, and of the various voluntary bodies which have separated from it. Recently also extended to the chapels of Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Independents, and others generally.In U.S. church is, in general use, applied to all places of worship. Episcopalians however sometimes claim it exclusively for their own; and other bodies in some cases use special names for their own buildings. In the British Commonwealth generally, the usage of England and Scotland is combined, with more or less extension as in the U.S.
696 Laws of K. Wihtrжd 2 Ciricean mundbyrd sie L. scill., swa cinges.
c900 Laws of Жlfred 6 Nжbbe Юon ma dura Юonne sio cirice.
1066 O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.), южs dжges forbearn Cristes cyrce [Parker MS. cyrc] on Cant~wara byriј.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 23 Ich leue Юat chireche is holi godes hus on eorрe . and is cleped on boc kiriaca i.e. dominicalis, Юat is on englis louerdlich hus.
a1280 Saints’ Lives, St. Michael 75 (Horstm.) To halewi churchene newe.
1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 381 Chyrchen he let rere al so.
a1300 Cursor M. 29296 (Cott.) юe..man Юat kirkes brinnes.
1473 J. Warkworth Chron. 17 To be layede in the chyrche of Paulis.
c1550 Sir J. Cheke St. Matt. xviii. 17 Yis word church into ye which we torn eccl[es]ia, is ye hous wheer ye outcalled do meet, and heer goddes word, and vse co[m]mun praier..it co[m]meth of ye greek jtqiajїm, which word served in ye p[ri]mitiv church for ye co[m]mons house of praier and sacramentes, as appeareth in Eusebius, which ye latins called dominicu[m].
1563 Homilies ii. Right Use Ch. God i. (1859) 154 The materiall Church..is a place appointed..for the people of God to resort together unto.
1596 Shakes. Merch. V. i. ii. 14 If to doe were as easie as to know what were good to doe, Chappels had beene Churches, and poore mens cottages Princes Pallaces.
1633 Herbert Temple, Church-porch lxviii, When once thy foot enters the Church, be bare.
1712 Prideaux Direc. Ch.-Wardens (ed. 4) 81 The Nave or Body of the Church.
1770 Goldsm. Des. Vill. 12 The decent church that topp’d the neighb’ring hill.
18414 Emerson Ess., Self-Reliance Wks. (Bohn) I. 30, I like the silent church before the service begins, better than any preaching.
b. parish church; mother church, the cathedral church of a diocese, the original or principal church of a parish; under church, district church, etc. (See further under these words.)
c1386 Chaucer Miller’s T. 121 To the paryssh chirche..This goode wyf went on an haliday.
1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (1852) 80 The belles ryngynge in every parych cherch.
157787 Holinshed Chron. III. 1228/1 Things belonging vnto parishchurches or chappels.
176574 Blackstone Comm. I. 112 If any..great lord, had a church within his own demesnes, distinct from the mother-church, in the nature of a private chapel.
1771 in Picton L’pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 277 The several Assistant or Under Churches or Chapels of this town.
1842 Burn Eccl. Law (ed. 9) I. §5. 301 At the first there were many signs of the dependence of chapels on the mother church.
Ibid. §8. 306 f, Whether a church be a parish church or only a chapel of ease.
1844 Lingard Anglo-Saxon Ch. (1858) I. iv. 147 The chief minster was the cathedral or mother-church.
c. in church, out of church, to church, from church (without the) were in early times used in this sense; but now only of the service in the building, or of the building with the service going on in it. See 10.
2. Applied to public places of worship of any religion: as
† a. (formerly) to heathen temples, Muslim mosques.
c893 K. Жlfred Oros. ii. ii. §1 юuss јebletsade Romulus..mid Юara sweora blode Юa ciricean.
c1250 Gen. & Ex. 3196 Quane he Љeden egipte fro, It wurрe erрe-dine, and fellen рo fele chirches and ideles mide.
c1400 Destr. Troy 11675 Kepers of the kirke [i.e. the Palladium].
152634 Tindale Acts xix. 37 Men whiche are nether robbers of churches, nor yet despisers of youre goddes. [1535 Coverd., churchrobbers. 1881 R.V. robbers of temples.]
a1547 Earl of Surrey Жneid ii. 516 Cassandra..From Pallas church was drawn.
1569 T. Underdown tr. Ovid’s Ibis v. 597 Lesimachus..one of the bedels of Diana’s church.
1600 Holland Livy ix. xii. 321 The Fregellones within fought for their Church and chimney [pro aris ac focis].
1601 — Pliny II. 545 This stately Church of Iuno Queen.
1632 Lithgow Trav. 141 The Turkes haue no Bels in their Churches.
† b. also to the Jewish temple. Obs.
a1300 Cursor M. 8849 юis kirc [v.r. kirke, chirche] was wroght o marbel stan..was Юis temple salamon.
Ibid. 10952 Zakari..preyed in Юe chirche al one.
c. In U.S., of late applied to places of meeting and religious exercise of various societies called ‘churches’.
3. As an element in place names, church, cirice, is known from an early date.
837 Badanoth Will (Sweet, O.E.T. 449), To рere stowe жt Cristes cirican [Christchurch].
88085 K. Жlfred Will (Thorpe 488) Жt Hwitan cyrican [Whitchurch].
II. The (or a) Christian community, and its ecclesiastical organization.
4. a. The community or whole body of Christ’s faithful people collectively; all who are spiritually united to Christ as ‘Head of the Church’. More fully described as the Church Universal or Catholic.
(Sometimes its external organization, sometimes its spiritual nature, is chiefly considered.)
c890 K. Жlfred Bжda i. viii. §1 Seo cirice on Breotone hwжt hwugu fжc sibbe hжfde.
Ibid. i. xxvi, To ржre annesse ржre halgan Cristes cirican.
a1000 Ags. Homilies (Thorpe) II. 580 (Bosw.) Ealle Godes cyrcan sind јetealde to anre cyrcan, and seo in јehaten јelaрung.
c1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xvi. 18 юu eart Petrus, and ofer Юisne stan ic timbriјe mine cyricean.
a1300 Cursor M. 19498 юat cristen kirc began to wast.
1382 Wyclif Eph. v. 23 Crist is heed of the chirche.
1380 — Sel. Wks. III. 116 Ffurst we schul trow Юat Юer ys general chirche of angelys and seyntys in hevyn, and of alle Юat schull be savyd.
1529 More Dial. Heresy ii. Wks. 185/1 The chyrch therefore must nedes bee the comen knowen multitude of christen men good and bad togither, while ye church is here in erth.
1560 Conf. Faith Scotl. xvi, That from the begynning thair hes bein, now is, and to the end of the world salbe a Churche; that is to say, a company and multitude of men chosin of God, who rychtlie worschip and embrace him, by trew fayth in Christ Jesus, who is the only Head of the same Kirk..which Kirk is Catholik, that is universall, because it conteanes the Elect of all aiges, all realmes, nationis, and tounges.
1563 Homilies ii. Repair. Ch. (1859) 275 The Church, which is the company of Gods people.
1606 R. Field Of the Church (1628) i. i, This glorious Society of men and angels whom the most high God made capable of felicity and blisse is rightly named the Church of the living God.
1724 Watts Logic (1736) 93 When one Man by the Word Church, shall understand all that believe in Christ; and another by the Word Church means only the Church of Rome; they may both assent to this Proposition, There is no Salvation out of the Church.
1837 Newman Par. Serm. III. xvi. 245 The One Church is the whole body gathered together from all ages.
1851 Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. ii. (1863) I. 14 The Church..is that Body of men in whom the Spirit of God dwells as the Source of their excellence, and who exist on earth for the purpose of exhibiting the Divine Life and the hidden order of Humanity.
1875 Jowett Plato III. 186 The Christian Church is even more an ideal than the Republic of Plato, and farther removed from any existing institution.
1876 E. Mellor Priesth. vi. 299 The Lord’s Supper is an ordinance designed for the Church, that is, for those who have received the Lord Jesus Christ as their Saviour, and who have consecrated themselves to Him.
b. Church militant: the Church on earth considered as warring against the powers of evil. (Sometimes used jocularly in reference to actual warfare or polemics.) Church triumphant: the portion of the church which has overcome the world, and entered into glory.
1538 Bale Thre Lawes 1395 Thys congregacion is the true Church mylytaunt.
1552 Lyndesay Monarche 4972 Now lauboryng in to thy Kirk Militant, That we may, all, cum to thy kirk Tryumphant.
1552 Bk. Com. Prayer, Communion, Let us pray for the whole state of Christ’s Church militant here in earth.
1633 Herbert Temple (title), The Church Militant.
1817 Scott Ivanhoe xx, A monk of the church militant [alluding to a knight].
1878 Black’s Guide Hampsh. (ed. 7) 135 Hugh Peters..on this as on other occasions, proved his devotion to the church militant.
c. Visible Church: the church as visibly consisting of its professed members upon earth; contrasted with the Church Invisible, or Mystical: see quots.
1561 Conf. Faith Scotl. xvi, This [the Catholik] Kirk is invisible, knowin onlie to God, who allone knoweth whome he hes chosin, and comprehendis alsweall the Elect that be departed, (commounlie called the Kirk Triumphant), as those that yit leve and feght against syne and Sathan.
1562 Articles of Relig. xix, The Visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ’s ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.
1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. i. §9 Observing the difference first between the Church of God Mystical and Visible, then between the Visible sound and corrupted, sometimes more, sometimes less.
1638 Chillingworth Relig. Prot. Ans. iv. §53 The doctrine of Christ, the profession whereof constitutes the visible church, the belief and obedience the invisible.
Ibid. Answ. v. §26 The visible church..a visible church..are very different things: the former signifying the church catholic or the whole church; the latter, a particular church or a part of the catholic.
1848 Wardlaw Congreg. Independency 48 There is no such thing, in any strict propriety, as an invisible church.
1851 Robertson Serm. Ser. iv. ii. (1863) I. 14 There is..a Church visible and a Church invisible; the latter consists of those spiritual persons who fulfil the notion of the Ideal Church–the former is the Church as it exists in any particular age, embracing within it all who profess Christianity.
1885 Ch. Quart. Rev. Jan. 271 That wholly unscriptural figment, the Invisible Church..The only Invisible Church known to Christian theology consists of the angels and the faithful departed.
d. The church as a spiritual society ‘separated from the world’ is often opposed to the world.
1610 Jn. Robinson Wks. (1851) II. 132 A company consisting though but of two or three, separated from the world, whether unchristian or antichristian, and gathered into the name of Christ..is a Church.
1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 82 All Divines in their definition of Church are agreed; that it is a Society of persons separated from the World, to God, or called out of the World.
1845 Pattison Greg. of Tours, Ess. (1889) 1. 4 Into the dust and heat of the Church’s war with the world.
1882 Med. Temp. Jrnl. I. 135 The Church and the world are now only just waking up to a just sense of responsibility.
1888 Farrar Everyday Chr. Life viii, We look round us on the so-called religious and the so-called irreligious world, on what calls itself the Church and on what is called the World.
5. a. A particular organized Christian society, considered either as the only true representative, or as a distinct branch, of the Church universal, separated by peculiarities of doctrine, worship, or organization, or confined to limits territorial or historical: e.g. the primitive church, the Latin Ch., Greek Ch., Orthodox Ch., Gallican Ch., Nestorian Ch., Ancient British Ch., Anglo-Saxon Ch., Lutheran Ch., Reformed Ch., Waldensian Ch., Ch. of England (see b.), of Scotland, Free Ch. of Scotland, United Presbyterian Ch., American Episcopal Ch., Methodist Episcopal Ch., etc.
c890 K. Жlfred Bжda i. xiii, Fram рam biscope ржre Romaniscan cirician.
Ibid. ii. xx, On NorЮanhymbra Юeode and cirican.
c1330 R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 138 And Юe Kirke of Scotland to Canterbirie ore se Obliged Юam and band, as to Юer primalte.
c1511 1st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 30/1 Ye moost deyle is ketters and kyt of, of the holy Romes chyrche.
1552 Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 8 Legatnait and primat of the kirk of Scotland.
1580 General Conf. Faith (Dunlop) II. 104 The trew christian faith..received believed and defendit by monie and sundrie notabil kirkis and realmes, but chiefly be the Kirke of Scotland.
1611 Bible Pref. 1 b, The Church of Rome–then a true Church.
1641 R. Brooke Eng. Episc. 62 That Antichristian Mock-Church.
1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. i. vi. §13 A Nationall Church being a large Room, it is hard to count all the Candles God lighted therein.
1819 W. J. Fox Lect. ii. Wks. 1865 I. 169 The charge of persecution was applied alike to Catholic and Nonconformist Churches.
1844 Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) I. App. 339 The British church formed an integral part of the universal church, agreeing in doctrine and discipline with the other Christian churches.
1887 Hutton in Contemp. Rev. Apr. 485 In the hands of all the great missionary churches, Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Quaker, Wesleyan, and Unitarian.
1889 New Ch. Mag. May 233 A list of the Ministers of the New Church [Swedenborgian].
b. Church of England, English or Anglican Ch. (ecclesia Anglicana): the English branch of the Western Church, which at the Reformation repudiated the supremacy of the Pope, and asserted that of the Sovereign over all persons and in all causes, ecclesiastical as well as temporal, in his dominions.
[1169 Becket in Mat. Hist. T. Becket (1885) VII. 33 Audivit ecclesia Gallicana vos in causa ecclesiж Anglorum mutasse sententiam.
1213 Promissio Comitum et Bar., etc., Lit. Cantuar. No. 27 (Rolls) I. 21 Negocium quod inter Ecclesiam Anglicanam et ipsum Regem versatum est.
1390 in J. Malverne Contn. Higden (Rolls) IX. 225 Touchant lestate de seint esglise d’Engleterre.]
15323 Act Restraint Appeals, 24 Hen. VIII, c. 12 That Part of the said Body politick, called the Spirituality, now being usually called the English Church.
1534 Act of Supremacy, 26 Hen. VIII, c. 1 That the King our Sovereign Lord..shall be taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England, called Anglicana Ecclesia.
1548 Act Uniformity, 2 & 3 Edw. VI, c. 1 The Book of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, after the Use of the Church of England.
a1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. viii. i. 2 We hold that there is not any man of the Church of England but the same man is also a member of the Commonwealth; nor any man a member of the Commonwealth, which is not also of the Church of England.
1661 Corporation Act, 13 Chas. II, st. 2, c. 1 §12 The Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, according to the Rites of the Church of England.
1687 Jas. II in Magd. Coll. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) 91 Those who call themselves Church-of-England men.
1688 T. Tramallier ibid. 256 That illegal anti-Church-of-England Court.
16889 Toleration Act, 1 Will. & Mary c. 18 §5 Any Assembly of Persons dissenting from the Church of England.
1844 Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xviii. (1862) 296 The Church of England consists, strictly speaking, of the lay as well as the clerical members of that communion.
1886 Ld. Selborne (title), Defence of the Church of England.
c. Established Church: the Church as by law established in any country, as the public or state-recognized form of religion. Chiefly used of the Churches of England and Scotland respectively. So State Church.
1660 Chas. II Decl. Eccles. Affairs 25 Oct. in Cobbett Parl. Hist. (1808) IV. 135 We need not profess the high affection and esteem we have for the Church of England, as it is established by law.
17001 Act Settlement, 12 & 13 Will. III, c. 2. s. 3 Shall join in Communion with the Church of England, as by Law established.
1731 E. Calamy Life (1830) I. i. 72 It cannot be said of me..that I left the Established Church, because I was never joined to it.
1840 Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) V. 69 The oppressive sect which calls itself the established church.
1843 Candlish in Life xi. (1880) 303 A document which makes us..no longer ministers of the Established Church of Scotland.
1886 Ld. Selborne Def. Ch. Eng. iii. xvii. 295, I should say, that Established Churches are now in much more danger of being persecuted, than of persecuting.
d. Used as adj., = of the Church of England (opp. chapel a.). Cf. church people.
1853 Mrs. Gaskell Ruth II. iii. 43, I never think on them as Church or Dissenters, but just as Christians.
1861 — Let. 16 Apr. (1966) 648 He speaks a great deal about religion always on the supposition we are Church, & I feel shy of telling him we are not.
6. a. The ecclesiastical and clerical organization of Christianity, or of a great Christian society, international, national, or other; esp. The clergy and officers of this society collectively or as a corporation having a continuous existence, and (in former times especially) as an estate of the realm. (In this sense ‘Church’ is often opposed to ‘State’ or the political organization, the civil government.)
(In early times holy church was the common phrase in this sense: see 7.)
c696 Laws of K. Wihtrњd Preamb. Жlc had ciricean.
805831 Charter of Oswulf (O.E.T. 443), юe hiora lond to Южre cirican saldon.
1362 Langl. P. Pl. A. vii. 84 юe Chirche [B. Юe kirke] schal haue my Careyne And kepe mi Bones.
c1440 Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xi. (1885) 135 юe possescions off Юe chirche.
c1450 Merlin 95 Assembled the barons and the prelates of the cherche, and toke counseile.
1621 Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. i, The Kirk of God..is takin sumtymes for them that exercise spiritual function amongis the congregation..The Kirke in this last sense hes a certaine power grantit be God.
1724 Watts Logic i. iv. §6 A church..sometimes..means a synod of bishops or of presbyters; and in some places it is the pope and a general council.
1726 Ayliffe Parerg. 167 The word Church..in these latter Days..is put for the Persons that are ordain’d for the Ministry of the Gospel, that is to say, the Clergy.
Ibid. 169 Sometimes ’tis taken for the Prelacy thereof.
1818 Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 94 Lands belonging to the church.
1837 Newman Par. Serm. III. xvi. 246 Speaking politically, we talk of the Clergy as the Church.
1851 Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. App. 355 What we ridiculously call a separation of ‘Church and State’ (as if the State were not, in all Christendom, necessarily also the Church), but ought to call a separation of lay and clerical officers.
b. The clerical order or profession. Hence to go into the Church, to take holy orders, become a clergyman; so to be in the Church, to leave the bar for the Church.
1590 H. Swinburne Treat. Test. 148 If his sonne shall goe to the Church.
1591 F. Sparry tr. Cattan’s Geomancie 179 The person..was a man of the Church.
1727 A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xxi. 249 The Church feeds most on Fish, but not miraculously, for the poor Fishers dare sell none till the Priesthood is first served.
18414 Emerson Ess., Prudence Wks. (Bohn) I. 93 The merchant breeds his son for the church or the bar.
1865 Mrs. J. H. Riddell World in Ch. iv. 59 You have really entered the church: I mean, done duty, preached, and so forth?
7. holy church: a title commonly given to the Church Catholic, regarded as a divinely instituted and guided institution, speaking with authority, through its accredited organs. In early times often = the clergy or ecclesiastical authority, as in 6.
c897 K. Жlfred Cura Past. 115 He onfeng рone ealdordom ржre halјan ciericean [v.r. ciricean].
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 17 Gif he him nule rihtlechen for preoste na for halie chirche?
c1225 Creed in Rel. Antiq. I. 234, I leve on рe hali gast, Al holi chirche stedefast.
c1230 Hali Meid. 21 For Юi was wedlac ilahet in hali chirche.
1297 R. Glouc. (1724) 471 That holi churche he ssolde nouЉt the Chateus there lette.
1340 Hampole Pr. Consc. 2139 In stedfast trouthe of haly kyrk.
1362 Langl. P. Pl. A. i. 73 Holi churche Icham..Юou ouhtest me to knowe.
c1450 Merlin xxv. 466 Acursed be the centense of holy cherche.
1592 Shakes. Rom. & Jul. ii. vi. 37 Till holy Church incorporate two in one.
1642 Perkins Prof. Bk. v. §354 Reconciled againe unto him..without the constraint of holy Church.
8. Mother Church: a favourite appellation of the Catholic church and its recognized branches. In allusion to this, to Song of Solomon, to Rev. xxi. 2, etc., the Church as an institution or corporation is often personified, and spoken of poetically and rhetorically as she.
c1380 Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 32 Alle men Юat God ordeyneЮ to blis ben ful breЮeren..siЮ God is Юer fadir, and his Chirche is Юer moder.
1382 — Song. Sol. i. 4 marg. The Chirche, of hir tribulaciouns.
1595 Shakes. John iii. i. 255 Or let the Church our mother breathe her curse, A mothers curse, on her reuolting sonne.
1611 Bible Song Sol. vi. (heading), 1 The Church professeth her faith in Christ. 4 Christ sheweth..his loue toward her.
1613 Shakes. Hen. VIII. v. iii. 117.
1633 G. Herbert Temple, Lent i, The Scriptures bid us fast; the Church sayes, now: Give to thy Mother, what thou wouldst allow To ev’ry Corporation.
1656 Evelyn Diary 29 May, The poor Church of England breathing as it were her last.
1827 Keble Chr. Y., SS. Simon & Jude i, The widowed Church is fain to rove..Make haste and take her home.
— Holy Comm. vi, To feel thy kind upholding arm, My mother Church.
c1833 J. H. Newman, I felt affection for my Church, but not tenderness. I felt dismay at her prospects, anger and scorn at her do-nothing perplexity.
1836 Gen. P. Thompson Lett. Representative 94 If the Scottish Kirk won’t behave herself with moderation..we won’t look after her wants the next time she comes for a grant.
1838 J. G. Dowling Eccl. Hist. iv. §6. 233 The church has expressed her sense of their errors.
9. High, Low, Broad Church: see these words.
Although church is here practically equivalent to ‘church party’, ‘section of the church’, it has acquired this force only contextually or by unthinking analysis of phrases in which high church-, low church- were used attributively, as in high church-man and the like. Broad church is a modern formation on the model of the other two, starting not from their starting-point, but from their current use.
III. 10. A congregation of Christians locally organized into a society for religious worship and spiritual purposes, under the direction of one set of spiritual office-bearers.
(The early examples of this, before 16th c., are perhaps all in translations of the N.T. or references thereto.)
1382 Wyclif 1 Cor. iv. 17 As I teche euerywhere in ech chirche [so Geneva 1560, Rheims 1582, 1611, 1871; Tindale, Coverd., Cranmer 1539, Geneva 1557 congregations].
— Philemon 2 And to the chirch that is in thin hous [so Geneva 1557, Rheims 1582, 1611, and 1871; Tindale, Coverd., and Cranmer congregacyon].
a1564 Becon New Catech. (1844) 41 Father. What meanest thou by this word ‘church’? Son. Nothing else than a company of people gathered together, or a congregation.
1625 Jn. Robinson Wks. 1851 III. 16 A particular Congregation rightly instituted and ordered [is] a whole, entire and perfect Church immediately and independently, in respect of other Churches, under Christ.
1692 Locke Toleration Wks. 1727 II. i. 235 A Church then, I take to be a voluntary Society of men, joining themselves together of their own accord, in order to the publick worshipping of God, in such manner as they judge acceptable to him.
16.. in Coke & Moore Wesley i. i. (1792) 9 Bp. By whom were you sent? W. By a Church of Jesus Christ. Bp. What Church is that? W. The Church of Christ at Melcomb.
1726 Ayliffe Parerg. 167 The word Church is also taken for any particular Congregation or Assembly of Men, as the Church which was at Corinth.
1888 Times 2 Oct. 7/2 The Yorkshire Association of Baptist Churches.
Ibid. 12 Oct. 4/5 They [Congregationalists] should, he suggested, group together some of their small churches under one pastor, with lay helpers.
IV. Elliptically and in phrases.
11. Used contextually (and sometimes otherwise) for the public worship of God (in a church); divine service in a religious building. So to attend church, go to church, be at church, in church, out of church, after church, between churches, early church, church-time, etc.
a1175 Lamb. Hom. 23 юu gast to chirche.
a1300 Cursor M. 28246.
a1375 in Lay Folks Mass Bk. 136, I rede we go to chirche.
1398 Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. xii. (1495) 196 Thappostle sayth I suffre not a woman to teche in chyrche.
c1450 Merlin iii. 45 The Kynge come fro chirche on a day.
1596 Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 128 We will perswade him To put on better ere he goe to Church.
1642 Rogers Naaman 206 It is tedious to our old age to keepe our Church.
1712 Steele Spect. No. 503 32 As soon as church was done, she immediately stepp’d out.
1722 De Foe Rel. Courtsh. App. (1840) 285 Whether I went to the church, the meeting-house, to the quaker’s meeting, or to the mass-house.
1732 Law Serious C. ii. (ed. 2) 26 When he should be at Church.
1870 G. W. Dasent Annals Eventful Life (ed. 4) II. 287 Between the churches..Auntie used to go down to the school and see the children.
1883 Lloyd Ebb & Flow I. 3 Went to church on Sundays.
12. Phrases and Proverbs. to go to church: see 11; fam. = to get married. to talk church (colloq.): cf. to talk shop.
a1450 MS. Douce 52. 15 (N.) The nerer the chyrche the fer fro Crist.
1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 17 The nere to the churche, the ferther from God.
1599 Shakes. Much Ado ii. i. 371 Counte Claudio, when meane you to goe to Church?
1644 Jessop Angel of Eph. 31 Hath verified the Proverbe, The neerer the Church the further from God.
1851 Newland Erne 217 Looking at those wretched people and talking Church.
V. In senses not distinctively Christian.
13. The congregation or company of God’s people in pre-Christian times.
a. orig. merely a translation of L. eccleЋsia, Gr. Ћjjkgra, of the Vulgate and LXX., applied in its pre-Christian sense to the ‘congregation’ of Israel: see above.
b. In later times, a retrospective use of the Christian sense, applied to the Israelites as God’s chosen people, or to the faithful among them, and the worshippers of the true God or ‘Old Testament saints’ generally, as the analogue of the church under the Christian dispensation.
a.
c825 Vesp. Psalter xxi. 26 (25) Mid рe lof me in cirican micelre.
c1000 Ags. Ps. ibid., Beforan Юe byр min lof on Южre myclan cyrcan.
c1382 Wyclif ibid., Anent thee my preising in the grete chirche [Coverd. in the great congregacion].
— Numb. xx. 4 Whi han Љe ladde out the chirche of the Lord into wilderenes.
1609 Bible (Douay) ibid. Why have you brought forth the Church of our Lord into the wildernesse?
1611 Bible Acts vii. 38 This is he that was in ye Church in the wildernesse with the Angel.
b.
1388 [See Wyclif, Song. Sol. i, (margin.)]
1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. i. §8 Not only amongst them [Israel] God always had His Church because He had thousands which never bowed their knees unto Baal; but whose knees were bowed unto Baal, even they were also of the Visible Church of God.
1610 R. Field Of the Church (1628) v. i, The primitive and first Church of God in the house of Adam.
Ibid. v. ii, Sem governed the Church in his time.
1611 Bp. Hall Serm. v. 52 The Church was an embryo, till Abraham’s time: in swathing-bands, till Moses; in childhood, till Christ; a man, in Christ; a man full-grown, in glory.
1672 Gale (title), The Court of the Gentiles: or a Discourse touching the Original of Human Literature..from the Scriptures and Jewish Church.
1726 De Foe Hist. Devil i. xi. (1840) 169 The Church of God was now reduced to two tribes.
1862 Stanley (title), History of the Jewish Church.
14. Applied to other (chiefly modern) religious societies and organizations (e.g. the Church of Humanity, the Positivists or Comtists; the Church of the Latter-day Saints or Mormons, etc.); and sometimes, more vaguely, to any ‘school’ or party having the bond of a common ‘creed’, social, жsthetical, or other, or who are combined in any movement which furnishes them with principles of life or duty.
[1382 Wyclif Eccl. iii. 1 The sonus of wisdam, the chirche of riЉtwis men.]
1528 More Heresyes ii. Wks. 178/2 Ye doo persecute them as the churche of the Paynims did.
1726 W. Penn Maxims in Wks. I. 842 As good, so ill men are all of a Church.
1859 Sat. Rev. VII. 304/2 In all that makes religion objective, as he would say, the Church of Humanity is more churchish than the Church.
1867 Hepworth Dixon New America I. xxv. (ed. 6) 270 The new church established in Utah, though it is called the Church of America, is free and open to all the world.
Ibid. II. xix. (The Revolt of Woman), One school of writers, a school which is already a church..soars into what is said to be a region of yet nobler truths.
1875 Jowett Plato III. 186 Plato’s Republic has been said to be a church and not a state; and such an ideal of a city in the heavens has always hovered over the Christian world.
1877 Johnson Cyclopжdia s.v. Mormon III. 622 The supreme power [among the Mormons]..rests with the first presidency, elected by the whole body of the Church.
VI. attrib. and in Comb.
15. attrib. There being no adjective from church in general use, and the genitive church’s being restricted to the notion of possession (usually with more or less personification), as in ‘the church’s claims, revenues, ministrations’, the place of both is supplied by using church attributively or with the function of an adjective, signifying ‘of the church, of a church, of churches, ecclesiastical’. In such a use, the word is often hyphened, though the value of the hyphen is merely grammatical, in no way affecting the signification, and it may usually be omitted.
Church may be thus used in most of the senses above explained: in England it has specifically the sense ‘of the Church of England’.
1579 Fenton Guicciard. xii. (1599) 590 Censures and Church~paines.
1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxix. §16 Whereas the usual saw of old was ‘Glaucus his change’, the proverb is now ‘A Church bargain’.
1600 Holland Livy ii. ii. 44 They [first Consuls] went in hand with religion and church matters.
1622 T. Scott Belg. Pismire 58 The Pope..hath gotten Church-Courtiers to uphold his Regalitie.
1622 Donne Serm. V. 88 To see who comes and to hear a Church-comedy.
a1649 Drummond of Hawthornden Jas. IV, Wks. (1711) 71 A stout defender of the church-patrimony.
— Consid. to Parl. ibid. 187 That the church-race marry only among themselves, ministers sons upon ministers daughters.
1655 Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vi. §69 Conformity in the Church-behaviour of men.
1660 R. Coke Power & Subj. 159 Let the Church-tribute of every Church be paid out of the lands of all Freemen.
1663 Butler Hud. i. iii. (1694) 190 The beastly rage of Church-rule.
1670 Baxter Cure Ch. Div. 112 Profession of Christianity is every man’s Church-title.
1670 Walton Life Hooker 39 The regulation of church-affairs.
1692 Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 354, 2 church conventicles were discovered in London where the non-juring parsons preached to their Jacobite auditory.
1701 Ibid. (1857) V. 111 The church party have agreed to putt up Sir William Gore.
1710 Palmer Proverbs 141 This is both a court and a church-game.
1719 Swift To Yng. Clergym. Wks. 1755 II. ii. 7 In esteem..among some church-divines.
1784 Cowper Tiroc. 381 Church-ladders are not always mounted best By learned Clerks and Latinists profess’d.
1853 Rock Ch. Fathers III. ii. 96 For church-use at least.
1886 Circular Comm. Church House, Both clergy and laity often need information concerning Church societies, Church charities, Church action generally.
16. The following have somewhat more of the character of permanent combinations:
a. with sense ‘of the church as an institution, ecclesiastical’: church-acts, -assembly, -association, -benefice, -betrustment (= -trust), -catechism, -censure, -censurer, -coffer, -consistory, -dignitary, -dignity, -discipline, -doctrine, -due, -expenses, -festival, -formula, -holiday, -hymn, -law, -music, -musician, -order, -preferment, -polity, -procession, -property, -rent, -revenue, -society, -song, -steward, -tippet, -vestments, etc.
b. ‘Of divine service in the church, of public worship’: church-day, -hours, -time.
c. ‘Of the material building and its precincts’: church-bench, -chime, -clock, -floor, -furniture, -gate, -glass, -hatch, -organ, -organist, -pale, -pillow, -porch, -spire, -steeple, -stile, -stool, -tower, -walk, -wall, -window, etc.
d. To these may be added those in which the meaning is that of some actor or action in connexion with, or in reference to, the church; such as church-chatterer, -covenanting, -gesticulation, -juggler, -masker, -pluralist, -sleep, -sleeper (cf. Ger. kirchenschlaf, -schlдfer), -sleeping, etc.
1680 Allen Peace & Unity 87 To assemble together for publick Worship: which are the ends of particular *Church-association.
1599 Shakes. Much Ado iii. iii. 95 Let vs go sit here vpon the *Church bench till two.
a1649 Drummond of Hawthornden Jas. III, Wks. (1711) 47 Promoted to some *church-benefice.
1702 C. Mather Magn. Chr. v. ii. (1852) 255 To make over *church-betrustments ‘unto faithful men’.
c1460 Towneley Myst. 313 Yit of thise *kyrkchaterars here ar a menee.
1653 Baxter Chr. Concord 14 Those that are most against *Church-Covenantings.
18056 Coleridge Three Graves iii. xix, Ellen..kept her church All *church-days during Lent.
a1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. viii. vii. §7 They hold that no *church-dignity should be granted without consent of the common people.
1574 Whitgift Def. Aunsw. ii. Wks. 1851 I. 201 What *church-discipline would you have?
1872 Morley Voltaire (1886) 175 Consequences, entirely apart from theology and church discipline.
c1200 Ormin 9015 „uw birrЮ uppo *kirrkeflor Beon fundenn offte.
1784 Cowper Tiroc. 425 A piece of mere *church-furniture at best.
1513 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s (1882) 33 The stondyngs at the *cherche gate letyn.
1642 Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 85 In these kinds of *Church-gesticulations, they differ from all other people.
1633 Herbert Temple, Church-porch xxxiii, A herauld..Findes his crackt name..in the *church-glasse.
1530 Palsgr. 484/1 It is *churche holyday to morowe.
1787 Wesley Wks. (1872) IV. 357 You may have your service in *church-hours.
1780 Cowper Progr. Err. 109 A mere *church-juggler, hypocrite, and slave.
a1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. viii. vi. §1 Power also to make *church-laws.
16404 Thomas in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 285 *Church-Musick, it shall have here the first place.
1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iv. (1617) 146 In defence of our *Church-orders, to bee as good as theirs.
1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 425/5 A *Church-Organ, containing 10 Stops in the great Organ.
1878 Newcomb Pop. Astron. ii. i. 126 A *church-organist and teacher of music.
1659 Milton Civ. Power Wks. (1851) 314 Worse then any lord prelat or *church-pluralist.
1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. i. §14 *Church Polity..is a form of ordering the public spiritual affairs of the Church of God.
c1440 Gesta Rom. xlvii. 200 Only the kniЉte in the *chirche-porche.
1526 Tindale Acts xiv. 13 Brought oxen and garlondes unto the Churche porche.
1633 G. Herbert Temple, (title) The Church-porch.
1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady ii. i, For any *church-preferment thou hast a mind to.
1693 W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. 335 To go on perambulation on *Church procession.
1506 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s Bp. Stortford (1882) 30 Resceyved..for the seid *chirch Rente iiijd.
1578 2nd Bk. Discipl. (1621) xii. §12 As for the kirk rents in generall.
1676 Marvell Mr. Smirke Wks. 1875 IV. 60 These are the great Animadverters of the times, the *church-respondents in the pew.
a1600 Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. xxiii. §9 Making partition of *church-revenues.
1672 Cave Prim. Chr. iii. v. (1673) 360 Re-admitted into *Church-society.
a1250 Owl & Night. 984 Singe..At rihte time *chirchesong.
15489 Bk. Com. Prayer, Offices 24 The priest metyng the Corps at the *Churche style.
1633 G. Herbert Temple, Church-porch lxx, Who marks in *church-time others symmetrie.
a1716 Bp. O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. 159 Those that..spend the Church-time at Home.
1843 Dickens Mart. Chuzz. xxvi, On Sunday morning, before church-time.
1813 Scott Rokeby i. xii, Some for *church-tippet, gown and hood, Draining their veins.
a1225 Ancr. R. 418 Ne underuo Љe Юe *chirche uestimenz.
1628 Earle Microcosm., Formall Man (Arb.) 31 Like one that runnes to the Minster walke [ed. 1629 *Church-walk], to take a turne, or two.
1509 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s Bp. Stortford (1882) 31 A stondyng undernethe the *Chirche wall.
1599 Shakes. Much Ado iii. iii. 144 Like god Bels priests in the old *Church window.
17. Comb.
a. objective (and obj. genitive), as church-breaker, -destroyer, -deviser, -divider, -forsaker, -founder, -reformer, -revolutionist, -tearer, etc.; also church-believing, -building, -looking (= churchlike), -razing, -ruinating, -spoiling, etc., adjs.; church chaffering, -spoiling, etc., ns.
1708 Motteux Rabelais iv. xlviii. (1737) 192 Some Robber..or *Church-breaker.
1598 Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. iii. (1641) 101/1 False-contracting, *Church-chaffering, Cheating, Bribing and Exacting.
1842 Cambr. Camden Soc., Few Words to Churchw. i. 12 The *church-destroyers of other days.
1680 Allen Peace & Unity 49 The Weapons in which *Church-Dividers do usually put their trust.
1597 Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. (1617) 203 Whether Emperours or Bishops..were *Church-founders.
1822 in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 93 Some *church-looking windows.
1599 Sandys Europж Spec. 97 *Church-robbing Politicians and *Church-razing Souldiers.
1826 E. Irving Babylon II. 391 *Church-reforming statesmen.
1824 Southey Bk. Ch. (1841) 414 The principles of these *church-revolutionists were hostile to monarchy.
1645 Liberty of Consc. Pref. A iij, Their pernicious, God-provoking, Truth-defacing, *Church-ruinating, and State-shaking toleration.
1604 Hieron Wks. I. 575 Men, that do *church-spoyling loue.
1685 Baxter Paraphr. N.T. 1 Peter iv. 8 The Papal *Church-tearers, that persecute all that consent not to their Canons.
b. instrumental and advb., as church-begotten, -bidden, -commissioned, etc.
1687 Dryden Hind & P. iii. 462 The Martyn..A *church-begot, and church-believing bird.
1811 W. Spencer Poems 136 The *church-bidden bride.
1851 Mrs. Browning Casa Guidi W. ii. 513 Lost breath and heart in these *church-stifled places.
18. Special combs.:
† church-acre, a churchyard;
Church and King, the motto of the adherents of the Stuarts in the 17th and 18th c., hence a phrase for high ecclesiastical and monarchical sympathies combined; thence Church and Kingism, Church and King man;
Church and State, the ecclesiastical and political organizations, especially as united; hence Church and Stateism;
Church Army, an imitation, in connexion with the Church of England, of the Salvation Army;
Church Assembly, short title of the National Assembly of the Church of England, a body established by statute in 1919 (the Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act);
church-bug, a species of wood-louse, said to be found often in churches;
† church-catholic, in 17th c. = church-papist;
† church-clerk, a parish clerk;
Church Commissioner, a member of one of the boards or commissions created to manage church matters;
Church Congress (see congress n. 6);
† church-earth, a churchyard;
† church-errant, a humorous formation after knight-errant;
hence † church-errantry;
Church Estates Commission, Commissioners, a board appointed to control the management of the property of the Church of England;
church-fair U.S., a bazaar held in connection with a church;
church-father, a Father of the Church;
church-festival, a feast-day of the church, a holy-day;
† church-feuar Sc., a leasehold tenant of the church;
church-flag, a flag hoisted on board a ship during divine service;
church-folk, people at church, church-goers; adherents of the established church, as distinguished from ‘chapel-folk’;
church-grate,
† (a) a grated door or gate of a church or churchyard;
(b) a kind of apparatus for warming a church;
† church-holy, consecration of a church;
church-lease, a lease of church property;
church-mode, one of the modes in mediжval church-music;
church-office, an office in the church; the form prescribed for the conduct of a church-service;
† church-outed a., put out of the church;
church parade,
(a) divine service performed as part of the routine of military duty;
(b) a turn-out of fashionable church-goers after the Sunday morning service;
(c) the attendance of the members of a society, etc., in a body at divine service; hence church-parader;
church-path, a public, and usually ancient, footpath across fields, leading to, or shortening the way to, the parish church;
church people, people belonging to the Church of England;
church-piece, a piece of ground belonging to the church;
church-register, a parish register;
church-renter, one who holds a lease under the church; also, †one who makes a rent or division in a church;
church-ring, a wedding-ring;
church school, a school founded by or associated with a church, normally of the Church of England;
Church Slavic, Slavonic (see quot. 1954);
church-social (U.S.), a social meeting in connexion with a church;
church-state, status in a church; †a theocracy;
† church-strewing, the strewing of the church-floor with rushes on particular festivals;
church-town, the church village, the place where the parish church of a number of hamlets is situated (Sc. kirk-town); †in OE. (cirictъn) and ME., the enclosure of a church, a churchyard;
† church-tympanite, some obsolete sect (see quot.);
† church-vassal, a vassal of the church;
† church-wort, Penny-royal.
1596 Stanford Churchw. Acc. in Antiquary May (1888) 212 For earinge of the *church acre.
1848 Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv, The honest Cavalier..was to be true to *Church and King.
1803 W. Taylor in Robberd Mem. I. 459 The loyalty of it–nay worse, the *Church-and-kingism..will divert you.
1850 Thackeray Pendennis (1885) III. 25 A staunch, unflinching *Church-and-Kingman.
1732 Berkeley Alciphr. i. §7 The combination between *Church and State, of religion by law established.
1822 Edin. Rev. XXXVII. 420 The Church-and-State class.
1853 Lytton My Novel xi. ii, Men pretending to aristocracy..and *Church-and-Stateism.
1919 Act 9 & 10 Geo. V. c. 76 §1 ‘The National Assembly of the Church of England’ (hereinafter called ‘the* Church Assembly’).
1957 Oxf. Dict. Chr. Ch. 285/2 Church Assembly... Its most important function is to prepare ecclesiastical measures for transmission to Parliament.
1627 Let. fr. Jesuit in Rushworth Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 475 We give the honor to those which merit it, which are the *Church-Catholicks.
1535 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s Bp. Stortford (1882) 42 Item rec. clerely for the *cherch clerkis mede..iijs. xjd.
a1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Church-clerk, the parish-clerk. Long in use.
1842 Tennyson Epic 15, I heard The parson..Now harping on the *church commissioners, Now hawking at Geology and schism.
1861 Rep. Ch. Congress (1862) p. v, A circular addressed to eminent Churchmen of all parties requesting their attendance at a *Church Congress in Cambridge.
1862 (title) Report of the proceedings of the Church Congress held in the Hall of King’s College, Cambridge: November 27th, 28th, and 29th, 1861.
1957 Oxf. Dict. Chr. Ch. 286/1 Church Congresses..have been held from 1861 onwards (annually down to 1913, and less regularly since).
1672 N. Riding Rec. VI. 176 The fence in the *church-earth wall.
1784 New Spect. xx. 3/1 He..resembles a modern *church-errant in quest of a tithe pig.
1793 W. Roberts Looker-on No. 58 The age of *church-errantry is over; missionaries, legates, crusaders, and reformers have long gone off the stage.
1885 Whitaker’s Almanack 137 *Church Estates Commissioners, Earl Stanhope, etc.
1872 Newton Kansan 5 Sept. 4/1 At a certain *church-fair, a set of Cooper’s works was promised to the individual who should answer a set of conundrums.
1876 Church fair [see fair n. 1 c].
1890 Congress Rec. 8 May 4343/2 Certain entertainments and church fairs, which I have attended, when the admission was free.
1907 Mulford Bar-20 vi. 63 All kinds of excitement except revival meetings and church fairs.
1856 R. Vaughan Mystics (1860) I. 109 The locality in which this great *church-father passed most of his days.
Ibid. I. 112 To write a sermon..against the next *church-festival.
1856 Emerson Eng. Traits xiii. Relig. Wks. (1881) II. 96 Respite from labour..on the Sabbath, and on church festivals.
1820 Scott Monast. i, The habitations of the *church-feuars were not less primitive than their agriculture.
1862 Lond. Rev. 16 Aug. 139 With one eye fixed on the *church-flag at the peak.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 155 In chirche, Юer al *chirche folc ohg to ben gadered.
1871 Holme Lee Her Title of Hon. i, Zeal that some of the church-folk wonder at and deride.
1519 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s Bp. Stortford (1882) 36 For tymber for the *chirche grate xiiijd.
1846 Ecclesiologist VI. 179 The church-grate consists of a light, circular, open fire-basket, raised on legs, and portable by means of an iron bar.
c1440 Promp. Parv. 75 *Chyrcheholy, encennia.
1727 Swift What passed in Lond. Wks. 1755 III. i. 185 He got a *church-lease filled up that morning.
1594 Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. (1617) 93 Sundry *Church-offices, Dignities, and Callings, for which they found no Commandement in the Holy Scripture.
1698 R. Lassels Voy. Italy I. 43 The ancient Church-Office here relates all this.
1641 Milton Ch. Govt. ii. Introd., Thus *Church-outed by the Prelates, hence may appear the right I have to meddle in these matters.
1846 United Service Jrnl. Aug. 383 While the troops were assembled on *church parade.
1869 Porcupine 13 Nov. 317/3 There will be a Church Parade [of Volunteers] on Sunday next.
1883 Peel City Guardian 29 Sept. 3/2 The friendly societies..have had their first public church parade.
1887 Ibid. 5 Mar. 7/1 The Church parade organised by the Social Democratic Federation, which was held at St. Paul’s Cathedral.
1891 Ibid. 30 May 6/1 The Sunday before the Derby is..looked forward to as the best ‘Church parade’ of the season in Hyde-park.
1922 C. E. Montague Disenchantment v. 66 It brought with it no perceptible revival of church parades.
1907 Adderley Behold the Days Come 18 The *Church-paraders whom he takes to be typical Christians.
1842 W. Palmer Lett. Prot.-Cath. 53 They are *Church people like ourselves at heart.
1928 Daily Tel. 15 May 13/2 Church-people throughout the dioceses.
1827 Hone Every-Day Bk. II. 374 Football was..played..and the *church-piece was the ground chosen for it.
1846 S. W. Singer in Herrick’s Wks. (1869) Introd. 24 In the *church-register of Dean Prior.
1651 Baxter Inf. Bapt. 193 Only against such *Church-renters, and gross errors.
1856 Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh vi. 665 Sets her darling down to cut His teeth upon her *church-ring.
1862 Borrow Wales III. xxv. 279, I met a number of little boys belonging to the *church school.
1944 W. Temple Church looks Forward vi. 49 In the past the main instrument of the Church in upholding its principles has been the Church School.
1850 ‘Talvi’ Lang. & Lit. Slavic Nations i. 25 (heading) History of the Old or *Church Slavic (commonly called Slavonic) language and literature.
1876 Church Slavic [see Slavic n.].
1853 J. S. C. de Radius Lang. Slavic Nations i. 14 The *Church Slavonic proved to be an older branch of the original Slavic.
1954 Pei Dict. Linguistics 39 Church Slavonic, the South Slavic language into which Kyrillos and Methodos translated the Gospels in the ninth century A.D.; it is extinct as a vernacular, but has remained the official language of the Slavic Greek Orthodox Church. (Also called Old Church Slavic and Old Bulgarian.)
1888 Milnor (Dakota) Teller 18 May 6/5 [To] tackle a wash~tub as quickly as a *church-social.
1614 Selden Titles Hon. 252 The Missi, whom hee compares in *Church-state to Suffragans.
1676 Owen Worship God 97 Thus did God take the Children of Israel into a Church-state.
1506 in Glasscock Rec. St. Michael’s Bp. Stortford (1882) 31 Brede and drink to the carters for the *chirch strowyng.
a1000 Edgar’s Canons §26 in Thorpe Laws II. 250 (Bosw.) Ne binnan *cirictune жniЉ hund ne cume.
1340 Ayenb. 41 юet vleЮ to holy Cherche, oЮer into cherch tounes vor to by yborЉe.
1680 Baxter Cath. Commun. Pref. A ij, Even before the *Church-Tympanites, many score several Sects rose up.
1820 Scott Abbot i, A peasant, the son of a *church-vassal.
c1450 Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.) 130 Origanum, *chirchewrt.
1597 Gerarde Herbal App., Church~wort, Pennyroyal.
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